B4+-+Syllabus+Checklist

**B4. Nutrition **

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//All candidates should be able to: //
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 * ======**4.1 Nutrients **====== ||
 * ======1 ====== || ======List the chemical elements that make up: • carbohydrates; • fats & • proteins. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======2 ====== || ======Define //nutrition //as taking in of nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw materials or energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======3 ====== || ======Describe the structure of large molecules made from smaller basic units, i.e. ======

<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">• simple sugars to starch and glycogen; • amino acids to proteins & • fatty acids and glycerol to fats and oils.
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 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe tests for: • starch (iodine solution); • reducing sugars (Benedict’s solution); • protein (biuret test) & • fats (ethanol). ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">List the principal sources of, and describe the importance of: • carbohydrates; • fats; • proteins; • vitamins (C and D only); • mineral salts (calcium and iron only); • fibre (roughage) & • water. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the use of microorganisms in the manufacture of yoghurt. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">7 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the deficiency symptoms for: • vitamins (C and D only) & • mineral salts (calcium and iron only). ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======**<span style="font-family: "Univers-Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;"> 4.2 Plant nutrition **====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Define //<span style="font-family: "Univers-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">photosynthesis //<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">as the fundamental process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Explain that chlorophyll traps light energy and converts it into chemical energy for ======

<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">the formation of carbohydrates and their subsequent storage.
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 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">State the word equation for the production of simple sugars and oxygen. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">State the balanced equation for photosynthesis in symbols ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Investigate the necessity for chlorophyll, light and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, using appropriate controls. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Investigate and state the effect of varying light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic plants). ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">7 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the intake of carbon dioxide and water by plants. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Identify and label the cuticle, cellular and tissue structure of a dicotyledonous leaf, ======

<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;"> • vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) – transport and support.
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 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">9 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the importance of: • nitrate ions for protein synthesis & ======

<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;"> • magnesium ions for chlorophyll synthesis.
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 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">10 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Explain the effects of nitrate ion and magnesium ion deficiency on plant growth. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">11 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the uses, and the dangers of overuse, of nitrogen-containing fertilisers. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======**<span style="font-family: "Univers-Bold","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">4.3 Animal nutrition **====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">State what is meant by the term balanced diet and describe a balanced diet related to age, sex and activity of an individual. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the effects of malnutrition in relation to starvation, coronary heart disease, constipation and obesity. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Define //<span style="font-family: "Univers-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">ingestion //<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">as taking substances (e.g. food, drink) into the body through the mouth. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">4 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Define //<span style="font-family: "Univers-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">egestion //<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">as passing out of food that has not been digested, as faeces, through the anus. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">5 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Identify the main regions of the alimentary canal and associated organs including mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine: duodenum and ileum, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine: colon and rectum, anus. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">6 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the functions of the regions of the alimentary canal listed above, in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion of food. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">7 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Define //<span style="font-family: "Univers-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">digestion //<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">as the break-down of large, insoluble food molecules into small, ======

<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">water-soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes.
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 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">8 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Identify the types of human teeth and describe their structure and functions. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">9 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">State the causes of dental decay and describe the proper care of teeth. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">10 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">State the significance of chemical digestion in the alimentary canal in producing small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">11 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Outline the role of bile in emulsifying fats, to increase the surface area for the action of enzymes ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">12 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">State where, in the alimentary canal, amylase, protease and lipase enzymes are secreted. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">13 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">State the functions of a typical amylase, a protease and a lipase, listing the substrate and end-products. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">14 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Define //<span style="font-family: "Univers-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">absorption //<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">as movement of digested food molecules through the wall of the intestine into the blood. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">15 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the significance of villi in increasing the internal surface area of the small intestine. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">16 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Identify the small intestine as the region for the absorption of digested food. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">17 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the structure of a villus, including the role of capillaries and lacteals. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">18 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the role of the liver in the metabolism of glucose (glucose → <span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;"> glycogen). ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||
 * ======<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">19 ====== || ======<span style="font-family: "UniversLT-Light","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.33px;">Describe the role of fat as an energy storage substance. ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== || ====== ====== ||